This morning's ELIAS walk in Maple Swamp was disappointing in the absence of the swarms of May migrants that have been seen here in years past but there were still some good birds and one mystery sighting that was probably an A+ bird.
The first question is always about warblers. The best sighting was a Chestnut-sided male seen often and close. I'm not sure if that bird has ever nested in Maple Swamp but it has disappeared as a breeder from most of Long Island and its return would certainly be welcome!
Other warblers: Blue-wing, Am Redstart, Ovenbird, Yellow, Common Yellowthroat, Black-and-White, Yellow-rumped and Pine, making a total of nine species in all.
Eastern Wood-Pewee was present and singing along with Eastern Phoebe and Great Crested Flycatcher. Breathtaking looks at Scarlet Tanager, Baltimore Oriole and Orchard Oriole were easy to get in the still nascent leaf canopy. A pair of Blue-Gray Gnatcatchers was foraging on the ground and in the low bushes a few feet in front of us. Red-eyed Vireo was singing but no Wood Thrushes or Veerys (Veeries?).
A resplendent male Indigo Bunting made a dramatic appearance flitting low and easy-to-see on Pleasure Drive at the beginning of the day. But the mystery bird, alas not seen by me, was at the end of the day: a sparrow in the grass at the old horse farm seen together with and in contrast to a Chipping Sparrow. This bird, seen first in the grass and then on lower branch of a Red Cedar, was described as flat-headed, streaky, with yellow on the face and colorful on the back. Both of the birders who saw it well were fairly experienced and recognized it immediately as something different and "out of place", describing it as "like a bright Seaside Sparrow". A flat-headed sparrow is almost certainly an Ammodramus but our Seasides are not colorful or bright (and probably do not visit old horse farms very often) and the adult Grasshopper Sparrow is not streaky on the front. The bird that fits is Henslow's Sparrow and I can say from personal experience that the facial color of this species, although usually described as green or olive, can look quite yellowish in the right light! At any time and place, even the suspicion of a Henslow's is a 'wow' moment!
Eric Salzman
Sunday, May 8, 2011
Saturday, May 7, 2011
"Birding by Ear" at the Grace Estate
This morning's SOFO walk -- under the rubric "Birding By Ear" -- took place at the Grace Estate in the Northwest section of the Town of East Hampton. The Grace Estate is a large tract which was originally owned by the family and/or the company that owned the Grace Lines, a famous group of transatlantic steamships. After the tract was sold, some private development was permitted on part of the it but most of it was turned into a natural area in a part of the East End that is quite rich in lands set aside in their natural state.
The Grace Estate has the reputation of having the greatest diversity of nesting birds in East Hampton and it is notable for having hosted such breeding rarities as Cerulean Warbler, Chestnut-sided Warbler and Acadian Flycatcher (none of which, alas, appear to be nesting there anymore). YELLOW-THROATED VIREO is, however, apparently still a breeding species here. We found it this morning and had good looks -- appropriately, after hearing it sing its fractured vireo song quite loudly and persistently. This bird has been quite regular at this spot over the years although nesting evidence is difficult to come by (it nests and generally hangs out high up in the trees). This is the same species that I saw in East Quogue earlier in the week. Perhaps it is becoming more common in these parts.
Other species located by song (and mostly also seen) included six species of warblers (Common Yellowthroat, American Redstart, Yellow Warbler, Prairie Warbler, Ovenbird and Yellow-rumped), three flycatchers (Great Crested Flycatcher, Eastern Kingbird and Eastern Wood-pewee), three woodpeckers (Downy, Red-bellied and Northern Flicker), two wrens (House and Carolina), two mimids (Gray Catbird and Brown Thrasher), Scarlet Tanager, Baltimore Oriole, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-capped Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, White-breasted Nuthatch, Eastern Towhee, several icterids (Brown-headed Cowbird, Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle) and a number of familiar backyard birds (Am Robin, Blue Jay, House Finch, Canada Goose, American Crow, Northern Cardinal, etc.). No thrushes (it might be early for them).
There were two almosts: a probable Orchard Oriole song was heard but the bird was not located. And a woodpecker flyby that showed lots of white was very likely a Red-headed Woodpecker; alas, it disappeared and was not seen or heard from again.
A spectacular curiosity on the Northwest Road driving in was the presence of four Wild Turkeys, three of which were males in full display surrounding a single female!
Eric Salzman
The Grace Estate has the reputation of having the greatest diversity of nesting birds in East Hampton and it is notable for having hosted such breeding rarities as Cerulean Warbler, Chestnut-sided Warbler and Acadian Flycatcher (none of which, alas, appear to be nesting there anymore). YELLOW-THROATED VIREO is, however, apparently still a breeding species here. We found it this morning and had good looks -- appropriately, after hearing it sing its fractured vireo song quite loudly and persistently. This bird has been quite regular at this spot over the years although nesting evidence is difficult to come by (it nests and generally hangs out high up in the trees). This is the same species that I saw in East Quogue earlier in the week. Perhaps it is becoming more common in these parts.
Other species located by song (and mostly also seen) included six species of warblers (Common Yellowthroat, American Redstart, Yellow Warbler, Prairie Warbler, Ovenbird and Yellow-rumped), three flycatchers (Great Crested Flycatcher, Eastern Kingbird and Eastern Wood-pewee), three woodpeckers (Downy, Red-bellied and Northern Flicker), two wrens (House and Carolina), two mimids (Gray Catbird and Brown Thrasher), Scarlet Tanager, Baltimore Oriole, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-capped Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, White-breasted Nuthatch, Eastern Towhee, several icterids (Brown-headed Cowbird, Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle) and a number of familiar backyard birds (Am Robin, Blue Jay, House Finch, Canada Goose, American Crow, Northern Cardinal, etc.). No thrushes (it might be early for them).
There were two almosts: a probable Orchard Oriole song was heard but the bird was not located. And a woodpecker flyby that showed lots of white was very likely a Red-headed Woodpecker; alas, it disappeared and was not seen or heard from again.
A spectacular curiosity on the Northwest Road driving in was the presence of four Wild Turkeys, three of which were males in full display surrounding a single female!
Eric Salzman
Friday, May 6, 2011
Catching up: Wednesday, Thursday & Friday
Wednesday, May 4. Heavy overcast but dry. A strange little waterfowl swimming in the pond turned to be a Greater Yellowlegs paddling around like a mini-duck. The Purple Martins, mostly hanging around the martin houses, and the Willets, mostly on the far side of the creek (but occasionally over on this side), are both settling their domestic business with a maximum of noise -- the Martins with continual chippering rounds of their video-game calls and the willets with the endless repetitions and variations on their name. The first Common Yellowthroat of the season, calling and chipping, turned up in the shrubbery at the far end of the old right-of-way but the calling warblers high in the tree tops all turned out to be Yellow-rumps. Great Crested Flycatcher marked his movements with loud, croaking, laughing calls but an Eastern Phoebe barely emitted only an unfamiliar little buzz; I might not have recognized it a Phoebe at all if it weren't for its persistent tail-wagging. Not all the newly arrived birds were welcome; add two squeaky male Brown-headed Cowbirds to the list. The plethora of singing House Wrens all over the territory all week may in fact only be a single bird which tirelessly tries out its bubbling song from every conceivable corner. Accounting for the calling Baltimare Orioles does, however, require the presence of more than one male; in fact, there have been three or four different birds working the burgeoning oaks. Hope the cowbirds don't dupe any of these with their nefarious egg-laying
Thursday, May 5. A trial run to Maple Swamp (in preparation for Sunday's walk). Strong winds from the north appear to have held down potential migration but many -- not all! -- of the local breeding birds were in. The only long-distance migrant was a Palm Warbler although a small, skulking, greenish bird that got away into the dense shrubbery at the edge of Maple Swamp Pond might have been something good (probably a female Tennessee Warbler foraging low down instead of high up because that's where the food was this morning).
Friday, May 6. Beautiful, blue-sky morning after a cool overnight (frost on the edge of the marsh). Two Lesser Yellowlegs flying in formation made a couple of passes across the mouth of the pond; other yellowlegs -- presumably Greater -- were flying in the distance. As the day warmed up, a screeping, laughing Great Crested Flycatcher turned up and a trilling Pine Warbler as well, the latter for the first time this season (the only other warbler seen was a Yellow-rump). But the bird of the morning was a COMMON MERGANSER in the water at the mouth of the pond and the first of its species that I have seen here. It was initially seen in silhouette against the rising sun but eventually it swam out into the creek and moved far enough over into good light to show most of its markings. This was a big duck with a smooth, rounded head, riding high on the water and showing generous areas of white side and breast with only a thin dark line extending from the dark back into the white; it had an all-dark head, a sharp division between the dark head and the white lower neck and breast, and a merganser bill that was thick at the base. All these features were distinct from those of the Red-breasted Merganser which is the merganser that one expects to see on the creek in winter and migration. Our total is now 236 species.
As a reminder, Sunday's ELIAS walk in Maple Swamp begins at 8 am from the pull-out on the eastern side of Pleasure Drive in Flanders (about 1/2 to 3/4 of a mile south of Rt. 24). I will actually be there at 7:30 (a time that was also announced) and we will spend the first 1/2 hour birding the area between the old horse pasture and the road. At a few minutes after 8, we'll depart for the pasture and the woods beyond. Ticks were almost absent on Thursday walk but I would still come prepared to deal with the buggers.
Saturday's SOFO walk in the East Hampton Grace Estate begins at 8 am from the pull-out on Northwest Road just short of where it meets Alewife Brook Road in the Northwest section of East Hampton. From the west the directions are as follows: take Swamp Road east/northeast from Rt. 114 just southeast of Sag Harbor. Turn right on Northwest Landing Road, right again on Old Northwest Road and almost immediately left on Northwest Road which you follow almost to the junction of Alewife Brook Road; you will see a pull-out area on the right opposite one of the main entrances to the Grace Estate. The focus of this walk will be "Birding by Ear"; we expect to catch most of the local breeders and perhaps some migrants.
Eric Salzman
P.O. Box 775 (14 Randall Lane)
East Quogue NY 11942
631 653-5236
es@ericsalzman.com
www.ericsalzman.com
Thursday, May 5. A trial run to Maple Swamp (in preparation for Sunday's walk). Strong winds from the north appear to have held down potential migration but many -- not all! -- of the local breeding birds were in. The only long-distance migrant was a Palm Warbler although a small, skulking, greenish bird that got away into the dense shrubbery at the edge of Maple Swamp Pond might have been something good (probably a female Tennessee Warbler foraging low down instead of high up because that's where the food was this morning).
Friday, May 6. Beautiful, blue-sky morning after a cool overnight (frost on the edge of the marsh). Two Lesser Yellowlegs flying in formation made a couple of passes across the mouth of the pond; other yellowlegs -- presumably Greater -- were flying in the distance. As the day warmed up, a screeping, laughing Great Crested Flycatcher turned up and a trilling Pine Warbler as well, the latter for the first time this season (the only other warbler seen was a Yellow-rump). But the bird of the morning was a COMMON MERGANSER in the water at the mouth of the pond and the first of its species that I have seen here. It was initially seen in silhouette against the rising sun but eventually it swam out into the creek and moved far enough over into good light to show most of its markings. This was a big duck with a smooth, rounded head, riding high on the water and showing generous areas of white side and breast with only a thin dark line extending from the dark back into the white; it had an all-dark head, a sharp division between the dark head and the white lower neck and breast, and a merganser bill that was thick at the base. All these features were distinct from those of the Red-breasted Merganser which is the merganser that one expects to see on the creek in winter and migration. Our total is now 236 species.
As a reminder, Sunday's ELIAS walk in Maple Swamp begins at 8 am from the pull-out on the eastern side of Pleasure Drive in Flanders (about 1/2 to 3/4 of a mile south of Rt. 24). I will actually be there at 7:30 (a time that was also announced) and we will spend the first 1/2 hour birding the area between the old horse pasture and the road. At a few minutes after 8, we'll depart for the pasture and the woods beyond. Ticks were almost absent on Thursday walk but I would still come prepared to deal with the buggers.
Saturday's SOFO walk in the East Hampton Grace Estate begins at 8 am from the pull-out on Northwest Road just short of where it meets Alewife Brook Road in the Northwest section of East Hampton. From the west the directions are as follows: take Swamp Road east/northeast from Rt. 114 just southeast of Sag Harbor. Turn right on Northwest Landing Road, right again on Old Northwest Road and almost immediately left on Northwest Road which you follow almost to the junction of Alewife Brook Road; you will see a pull-out area on the right opposite one of the main entrances to the Grace Estate. The focus of this walk will be "Birding by Ear"; we expect to catch most of the local breeders and perhaps some migrants.
Eric Salzman
P.O. Box 775 (14 Randall Lane)
East Quogue NY 11942
631 653-5236
es@ericsalzman.com
www.ericsalzman.com
Wednesday, May 4, 2011
a short blog for Tuesday
Tuesday, May 3. A cloudy morning giving way to hazy sunshine. Wind from the south with the sound of surf coming across the bay from the ocean. The southern breezes did not, however, bring in new birds although some birds may have left. The morning chorus was more subdued with no Rose-breasted Grosbeak and no Orchard Oriole. However there was a notable replacement in the form of a singing Scarlet Tanager -- not quite as beautiful vocally, but equally persistent. Didn't actually see this glamour bird but I did get a good look at a female. The Baltimore Orioles and Catbirds were also in good voice; like many other birds, they are starting to set up territories, court, etc.
Monday, May 2, 2011
Spring Song
I was up before dawn this morning and in time to savor the dawn chorus -- an early morning challenge that gets increasingly difficult as the sun comes up earlier and earlier. The dawn chorus is, of course, that burst of spring birdsong that greets the arrival of a new day. It starts very early as first light shows in the east and increases in volume as the light increases in intensity. All the spring songsters join in -- even some of the ones that are just passing through -- in a full-throated song ensemble of such great volume and intensity that it is often difficult to separate out the individual strands of song; this is truly a counterpoint of symphonic dimensions. After the sun appears, the full chorus falls off although, in the clear, bright atmosphere of early spring, birds continue to sing all morning (and it is a lot easier to pick out the individual songs).
Some of our best songsters were in the mix this morning. Alas, no thrushes but both Carolina and House Wrens were there. Thrushes and wrens include some of the world's best singers; our local representatives of those tribes are perhaps more distinguished by persistence than by sheer beauty of sound. Another group of outstanding vocalists are the mimids and, sure enough, the Northern Mockingbird and Gray Catbird were in there this morning. Some biologists call the Brown Thrasher, our third local mimid, the world's greatest singer -- not so much for sheer beauty of sound but because this bird has the largest known repertoire of songs; Thrashers habitually sing each song twice in a row but they can go on for hours at a time without repeating themselves any further. There were two Thrashers back of the house this morning; one of them was singing from the highest tree top while the other foraged, as thrashers are wont to do, in the leaf litter on the ground. I know for sure that one was a male; perhaps the other was his mate. Occasionally the male would drop down to the ground and join his associate in the hunt for something to eat before climbing back up to his song perch.
Of all the singers you can hear on the East End, two of the most attractive for both looks and tonal quality are the Rose-breasted Grosbeak and the Orchard Oriole. Neither one is all that common in these parts but both were singing away this morning. Their songs are actually quite similar: both short and quite melodic. The Grosbeak has the purer tone; the Oriole song usually mixes in some throatier tones. Unlike our warblers (which don't warble), these are warbley songs par excellence. The Oriole, which has been on the increase in recent years, has nested around here in the past and might do so again. Maybe the Grosbeak will too; I'm keeping an eye out for a female.
Eric Salzman
Some of our best songsters were in the mix this morning. Alas, no thrushes but both Carolina and House Wrens were there. Thrushes and wrens include some of the world's best singers; our local representatives of those tribes are perhaps more distinguished by persistence than by sheer beauty of sound. Another group of outstanding vocalists are the mimids and, sure enough, the Northern Mockingbird and Gray Catbird were in there this morning. Some biologists call the Brown Thrasher, our third local mimid, the world's greatest singer -- not so much for sheer beauty of sound but because this bird has the largest known repertoire of songs; Thrashers habitually sing each song twice in a row but they can go on for hours at a time without repeating themselves any further. There were two Thrashers back of the house this morning; one of them was singing from the highest tree top while the other foraged, as thrashers are wont to do, in the leaf litter on the ground. I know for sure that one was a male; perhaps the other was his mate. Occasionally the male would drop down to the ground and join his associate in the hunt for something to eat before climbing back up to his song perch.
Of all the singers you can hear on the East End, two of the most attractive for both looks and tonal quality are the Rose-breasted Grosbeak and the Orchard Oriole. Neither one is all that common in these parts but both were singing away this morning. Their songs are actually quite similar: both short and quite melodic. The Grosbeak has the purer tone; the Oriole song usually mixes in some throatier tones. Unlike our warblers (which don't warble), these are warbley songs par excellence. The Oriole, which has been on the increase in recent years, has nested around here in the past and might do so again. Maybe the Grosbeak will too; I'm keeping an eye out for a female.
Eric Salzman
Spring s
I was up before dawn this morning and in time to savor the dawn chorus -- an early morning challenge that gets increasingly difficult as the sun comes up earlier and earlier. The dawn chorus is, of course, that burst of spring birdsong that greets the arrival of a new day. It starts very early as first light shows in the east and increases in volume as the light increases in intensity. All the spring songsters join in -- even some of the ones that are just passing through -- in a full-throated song ensemble of such great volume and intensity that it is often difficult to separate out the individual strands of song; this is truly a counterpoint of symphonic dimensions. After the sun appears, the full chorus falls off although, in the clear, bright atmosphere of early spring, birds continue to sing all morning (and it is a lot easier to pick out the individual songs).
Some of our best songsters were in the mix this morning. Alas, no thrushes but both Carolina and House Wrens were there. Thrushes and wrens include some of the world's best singers; our local representatives of those tribes are perhaps more distinguished by persistence than by sheer beauty of sound. Another group of outstanding vocalists are the mimids and, sure enough, the Northern Mockingbird and Gray Catbird were in there this morning. Some biologists call the Brown Thrasher, our third local mimid, the world's greatest singer -- not so much for sheer beauty of sound but because this bird has the largest known repertoire of songs; Thrashers habitually sing each song twice in a row but they can go on for hours at a time without repeating themselves any further. There were two Thrashers back of the house this morning; one of them was singing from the highest tree top while the other foraged, as thrashers are wont to do, in the leaf litter on the ground. I know for sure that one was a male; perhaps the other was his mate. Occasionally the male would drop down to the ground and join his associate in the hunt for something to eat before climbing back up to his song perch.
Of all the singers you can hear on the East End, two of the most attractive for both looks and tonal quality are the Rose-breasted Grosbeak and the Orchard Oriole. Neither one is all that common in these parts but both were singing away this morning. Their songs are actually quite similar: both short and quite melodic. The Grosbeak has the purer tone; the Oriole song usually mixes in some throatier tones. Unlike our warblers (which don't warble), these are warbley songs par excellence. The Oriole, which has been on the increase in recent years, has nested around here in the past and might do so again. Maybe the Grosbeak will too; I'm keeping an eye out for a female.
Eric Salzman
Some of our best songsters were in the mix this morning. Alas, no thrushes but both Carolina and House Wrens were there. Thrushes and wrens include some of the world's best singers; our local representatives of those tribes are perhaps more distinguished by persistence than by sheer beauty of sound. Another group of outstanding vocalists are the mimids and, sure enough, the Northern Mockingbird and Gray Catbird were in there this morning. Some biologists call the Brown Thrasher, our third local mimid, the world's greatest singer -- not so much for sheer beauty of sound but because this bird has the largest known repertoire of songs; Thrashers habitually sing each song twice in a row but they can go on for hours at a time without repeating themselves any further. There were two Thrashers back of the house this morning; one of them was singing from the highest tree top while the other foraged, as thrashers are wont to do, in the leaf litter on the ground. I know for sure that one was a male; perhaps the other was his mate. Occasionally the male would drop down to the ground and join his associate in the hunt for something to eat before climbing back up to his song perch.
Of all the singers you can hear on the East End, two of the most attractive for both looks and tonal quality are the Rose-breasted Grosbeak and the Orchard Oriole. Neither one is all that common in these parts but both were singing away this morning. Their songs are actually quite similar: both short and quite melodic. The Grosbeak has the purer tone; the Oriole song usually mixes in some throatier tones. Unlike our warblers (which don't warble), these are warbley songs par excellence. The Oriole, which has been on the increase in recent years, has nested around here in the past and might do so again. Maybe the Grosbeak will too; I'm keeping an eye out for a female.
Eric Salzman
Sunday, May 1, 2011
first days in East Quogue
We arrived in East Quogue on Friday, April 29th, only to discover that Verizon had failed to transfer their DSL to our East Quogue address -- this in spite of the fact that they had assured us everything was taken care of and even given us a Confirmation number. To add insult to injury, we are now being told that we will have to wait many days for the installation. I will get these blog notices out as fast as I can but they may be a little late in arriving!
The season here seems more advanced that it has at a comparable time in past years. The Forsythia and Saucer Magnolia are in full bloom in local gardens along with Norway Maple, Perwinkle and Shadbush on our place. Even our ancient backyard apple tree is in full leaf and has a large complement of emerging flower buds. And the Red Maples are not far behind.
Along with these encouraging signs in the vegetable kingdom, the animal kingdom is not far behind. The deer are active and there are insects about, notably bees. All the common local birds -- Robin, Cardinal, Mourning Dove, Carolina Wren, Song Sparrow, Goldfinch, Northern Mockingbird, Red-winged Blackbird, Common Grackle -- are in full song (if you can include the Grackle's squeaks in the category of 'song'). Also prominent and audible: Downy Woodpecker, Red-bellied Woodpecker, House Wren, Gray Catbird, Tufted Titmouse, Black-capped Chickadee, American Crow, Blue Jay, Eastern Towhee, and Baltimore Oriole.
Some of these birds have been around all winter but some of them -- notably the Catbird, Towhee and Oriole -- are recent arrivals from the south. There are still numbers of White-throated Sparrows around and I saw a single Red-breasted Nuthatch; both these species will almost certainly leave in the next week or two.
Also seen: a few Purple Martins (the martin houses are back up) and a Barn Swallow or two. Down at our pond and on Weesuck Creek: a Great Egret or two (a local breeder), a noisy Greater Yellowlegs (which won't stay and breed) and noisy Willets (which will stay and breed). A single Osprey was seen (could there be another one already sitting on the nest?). And, along with a few gulls (seemingly all Herring), there were a couple of Double-crested Cormorants hanging around the boatyard, looking sleek in their shiny new breeding plumage complete with, yes, the double-crest that gives them their name but is usually not noticeable at any other season. Cormorants must breed somewhere in our area... but where?
Warblers? Alas, only Yellow-rumps but looking stunning in their fancy breeding plumage.
Eric Salzman
The season here seems more advanced that it has at a comparable time in past years. The Forsythia and Saucer Magnolia are in full bloom in local gardens along with Norway Maple, Perwinkle and Shadbush on our place. Even our ancient backyard apple tree is in full leaf and has a large complement of emerging flower buds. And the Red Maples are not far behind.
Along with these encouraging signs in the vegetable kingdom, the animal kingdom is not far behind. The deer are active and there are insects about, notably bees. All the common local birds -- Robin, Cardinal, Mourning Dove, Carolina Wren, Song Sparrow, Goldfinch, Northern Mockingbird, Red-winged Blackbird, Common Grackle -- are in full song (if you can include the Grackle's squeaks in the category of 'song'). Also prominent and audible: Downy Woodpecker, Red-bellied Woodpecker, House Wren, Gray Catbird, Tufted Titmouse, Black-capped Chickadee, American Crow, Blue Jay, Eastern Towhee, and Baltimore Oriole.
Some of these birds have been around all winter but some of them -- notably the Catbird, Towhee and Oriole -- are recent arrivals from the south. There are still numbers of White-throated Sparrows around and I saw a single Red-breasted Nuthatch; both these species will almost certainly leave in the next week or two.
Also seen: a few Purple Martins (the martin houses are back up) and a Barn Swallow or two. Down at our pond and on Weesuck Creek: a Great Egret or two (a local breeder), a noisy Greater Yellowlegs (which won't stay and breed) and noisy Willets (which will stay and breed). A single Osprey was seen (could there be another one already sitting on the nest?). And, along with a few gulls (seemingly all Herring), there were a couple of Double-crested Cormorants hanging around the boatyard, looking sleek in their shiny new breeding plumage complete with, yes, the double-crest that gives them their name but is usually not noticeable at any other season. Cormorants must breed somewhere in our area... but where?
Warblers? Alas, only Yellow-rumps but looking stunning in their fancy breeding plumage.
Eric Salzman
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